Artificial joint and artificial bone replacement materials should have the following basic properties: light and high strength materials, biocompatible, corrosion resistance, tissue reactions in the body of the implant will not cause material deterioration, fatigue caused by repeated stress, less damage and other properties. The most important properties of metal implants are formability, machinability and polish. They must remain functional during the expected life cycle and will not deteriorate under fatigue, abrasion, corrosion and impact loads. Titanium and titanium alloys meet all the above requirements. The earliest artificial joint materials such as denture powder, polypropylene and plexiglass are of low strength, easy to break and poor biocompatibility. Later switch to stainless steel, but the proportion of stainless steel is larger, about 2 times the proportion of human bone, and in the body by body fluid action will appear corrosion and fracture. Co-Cr alloy is also an excellent material for artificial joints, but unfortunately, cobalt and chromium are toxic to humans. Titanium and titanium alloy are ideal materials for artificial joints due to their small proportion (similar to that of human bone), high strength, good mechanical processing and excellent corrosion resistance.
The titanium materials specified for surgical transplantation are mainly pure titanium and Ti-6Al-4VELI alloy. Recently, transplantation materials Ti-6Al-7Nb and Ti-13Nb1-13Zr, which have good compatibility with human body, have been approved by ASTM standard. With titanium as artificial bone, cells can be regenerated on it, bone can grow, titanium and human bone, epithelium, tissue have a good affinity. In order to improve the surface quality of implant material connected to human bone, bioceramic coating is also an effective method. At present, titanium and titanium alloy have been widely used in artificial bone joint, artificial bone, joint foot plate, broken bone fixator, bone marrow nail, artificial heart valve, skull and so on. According to statistics, the annual demand for titanium alloy artificial joints in China exceeds 5000 sets, and the clinical application effect is good.
The elastic modulus of medical titanium alloy is closer to the human skeleton than that of stainless steel, which is suitable for human orthopedic surgery. In orthopedic surgery, titanium nickel shape memory alloy is often used. Studies have shown that NT-SMA is a new material integrating wear resistance, corrosion resistance, shape memory effect, pseudo-elasticity and sound damping, etc. It is increasingly widely used in orthopedics. In addition to common bone plates, intramedullary needles, mandibular internal fixation, scoliosis correction, etc., Shanghai Changhai Hospital has carried out a series of design and clinical application of NT-SMA. Such as NT-patellar device, Nt-arc fork nail, NT-arch device, NT-flying device (designed for sacral reconstruction), etc., have achieved satisfactory efficacy. For the application of titanium alloy materials to the human body, countries are still trying to explore, seeking more safe and reliable new titanium alloy, for the benefit of people all over the world.
Titanium and titanium alloy have good corrosion resistance, titanium non-toxic, non-magnetic, is a good choice of medical equipment materials. In the history of surgical instruments, the first generation of surgical instruments were mostly made of carbon steel, but were eliminated because the performance after electroplating could not meet the requirements of clinical use. The second generation of austenitic, ferritic and martensitic stainless steel surgical instruments, but the stainless steel components of chromium toxic, the loss of chromium layer on the human body has a certain impact, therefore, the third generation - titanium surgical instruments. Titanium's light weight makes it particularly suitable for microsurgery. Titanium has corrosion resistance, good elasticity, no deformation, resistance to repeated cleaning, disinfection surface quality is not affected; It is non-magnetic and can eliminate the threat of damage to small and sensitive implanted electronic instruments, so that titanium surgical instruments are used more and more widely. At present, it has been used to make surgical blades, hemostatic forceps, scissors, electric bone drill, tweezers and so on. In medical instruments, titanium vascular suture needle, sternal suture line, titanium filter of oxygen filter, one of the cardiac surgical instruments, electrocardiogram machine with titanium electrode, in vitro culture machine with titanium as an incubator; The probes of medical ultrasonic shredders, automatic controllers of blood transport boxes, and titanium instruments for eye surgery are all in good condition.
Because of its excellent corrosion resistance and human affinity, and considering metal allergy and specific strength, titanium is suitable for application in dental field. The metals used in dental surgery began with amalgam and metal crowns in the 1920s, gold, silver and palladium alloys were mainly used in the 1960s, stainless steel became the most commonly used material for permanent and detachable orthodontic instruments after the 1970s, and titanium casting technology was popularized in the 1990s. Dental casting with titanium casting machine has the characteristics of high dimensional precision, no bubbles and shrinkage holes. Among the metal materials used for the repair of human hard tissue, the elastic modulus of titanium is closest to that of human tissue, which can reduce the mechanical inadaptability between metal implant and bone tissue. The thermal conductivity of titanium is the lowest among all the metal materials used for dental repair. The low thermal conductivity can reduce the thermal irritation to the pulp of teeth with crowns, which is very important for dental repair. Titanium inlays and crowns have the function of protecting pulp and avoiding hot and cold irritation. Dental titanium in terms of material, the original is pure titanium, but its strength is insufficient, difficult to grind, poor wear resistance, easy to produce casting defects and quality instability. Titanium alloy has high strength, the most commonly used is Ti-6Al-4V alloy, but because metal V is harmful to human body, use Nb instead of V, and successfully developed Ti-6Al-7Nb alloy, it has excellent corrosion resistance, and basically harmless to human body, but also has strong plasticity, excellent abrasive and other advantages, has been approved by ASTM standards. At present, superelastic Ti-Ni alloy is widely used in straightening teeth. Since the 1980s, developed countries began to study the application of titanium in dental restoration, first used in dental implant, and later used in denture bracket, crown bridge and dental orthodontic wire. At present, titanium can be used as dental crown, crown nail, fixed bridge, porcelain bridge, bonding bridge, denture clamp, base, connecting device and strengthening device. Almost all metal parts of denture can be made of titanium. The study of titanium and titanium alloys has become a hot spot in the study of dental alloys. Titanium alloy porcelain teeth can very well restore tooth shape and function, and high strength, beautiful appearance, stable color, smooth surface, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, is a kind of permanent repair, suitable for all fixed teeth, especially its good biocompatibility, sensitive to nickel ion is more suitable for people, has been widely used in dental repair.
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